STP

 

                                     Spanning Tree Protocol

STP is use to avoid loop create in the n/w.

In STP BPDU is performing every 2sec to check data message transmitted across a local area n/w & also to detect a loop in the n/w, BPDU is maintain STP.

In STP there is election perform between the switches, Who is become Root Bridge & Non-Root Bridge.

Lower MAC address become RB & Higher MAC become NRB, but all Bridge priority is same i.e 32768.

We can change bridge prority, Lower bridge value can be RB & Higher bridge value can be NRB.

One more step is Root Port, The root port of each switch has the lowest root path cost to get to the RB.

Path cost is a cumulative cost to the Root Bridge.

Bandwidth	Cost
4 Mbps	250
10 Mbps	100
16 Mbps	62
45 Mbps	39
100 Mbps	19
155 Mbps	14
1 Gbps	4
10 Gbps	2

 STP Operation

The Root Port is NRB, mean it can communicate with to other Switch.

Non-Designated Port in NRB, mean it cannot communicate with to other Switch, it block the traffic.

Designated Port is in RB, mean it can communicate with to other Switch.

 STP port state

                                                        Blocking

                                                              ↓

                                                         Listening

                                                               ↓

                                                         Learning

                                                                ↓

                                                         Forwarding

Blocking state- 

will not forward frames or learn MAC addresses & will still listen for BPDUs from other switches, to learn about changes to the switching topology till 20sec.

Listening state- 

Only a root or designated port will move to the listening state. The non-designated port will stay in the blocking state. 

No data transmission occurs at this state for 15 seconds just to make sure the topology doesn’t change in the meantime. After the listening state we move to the learning state.

Learning state-

 At this moment the interface will process Ethernet frames by looking at the source MAC address to fill the mac-address-table. 

Ethernet frames however are not forwarded to the destination. It takes 15 seconds to move to the next state called the forwarding state.

Forwarding state:

This is the final state of the interface and finally the interface will forward Ethernet frames so that we have data transmission.

This means that it takes 20 (blocking) + 15 (listening) + 15 (learning) = 50 seconds before the interface is in the forwarding state.

Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP)

RSTP is a fast converged & work similarly STP, RSTP has 4 port.

Root Port is the port on a switch that is the closest way (Lowest Cost) to the Root Bridge.

Designated Port is the port, that can send the best BPDU on its segment.

Alternate Port is a blocking port that receives better BPDU from another switch. It is the backup of Root Port.

Backup Port is a blocking port that receives better BPDU from the same switch. It is the backup of Designated Port.

RSTP has 3 port state-

Discarding

Learning

Forwarding

It take 3 - 30sec to make port up. RSTP works by adding an alternative port and a backup port compared to STP.

Note: RSTP is backward compatible with legacy STP 802.1D. If a RSTP enabled port receives a (legacy) 802.1d BPDU, it will automatically configure itself to behave like a legacy port. It sends and receives 802.1d BPDUs only.

Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol(MSTP or MST)

MSTP mapped multiple Vlan into Spanning tree instance.

Each MST instance (MSTI) builds its own RSTP topology database, including electing its own Root Bridge. A VLAN can only be assigned to one instance.

MSTP instance range is 0 to 15, by default all Vlan belong to instance 0.

The Internal Spanning Tree (IST) is responsible for maintaining the topology for the entire region and all of the MSTIs. 

Only the IST can send and receive BPDUs, and encapsulates the MSTI information within a BPDU as an MST record.The IST is always mapped to instance 0.

Per-VLAN Spanning Tree (PVST)

The delay in receiving BPDUs can cause problems like convergence time problems. 
Per-VLAN Spanning Tree (PVST) is a solution for these problems.

 Per-VLAN Spanning Tree (PVST) is a Cisco proprietary Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) which operates a separate instance of Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) for each individual VLAN. 

A separate instance of Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) for each VLAN helps VLAN to be configured independently and also can perform better. Per-VLAN Spanning Tree (PVST) requires Inter-Switch Link (ISL).

Per-VLAN Spanning Tree+ (PVST+) 

Its an extension of the PVST standard. Per-VLAN Spanning Tree+ (PVST+) allows interoperability between CST and PVST in Cisco switches and support the IEEE 802.1Q standard.

EIGRP

EIRGP Protocol (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)

·         Its advance distance vector & Cisco Proprietary protocol.

·         Its working like Link state Routing Protocol & Distance Vector Routing Protocol.

·         Fast convergence, 100% loop free & Classless routing protocol.

·         Reduced bandwidth usage. EIGRP does not send periodic updates as with Distance Vector Routing protocols. Additionally, the update is propagated only to routers that require it, instead of all routers within an area as with LS routing protocols. 

·         EIGRP works on network layer Protocol of osi model and uses the protocol number 88.

·         EIGRP does not require special configuration across any L2 protocols. EIGRP was designed to operate effectively in both LAN and WAN environments. EIGRP supports all multi-access networks, eg: Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, and all WAN topologies – leased lines, point-to-point links, and non-broadcast multi-access (NBMA) topologies, eg: X.25, SMDS, ATM, and Frame Relay.

·         EIGRP uses Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) to find out the best path available to a network.

      EIGRP speaking routers maintains a topology table in which all the routes to the network are maintained. If the best path (successor) goes down, then second best path (feasible successor) is used from the topology table. If there is no path available in topology table then it sends a query message to resolve the query.

·         EIGRP maintains a neighbor table, a topology table, and a routing table for each running routed protocols.

·         Neighbor table: It contains information about the routers with which neighbourship has been formed. It also contains queue count value for the hello messages that are not being acknowledged.

·         Topology table: It contains all the routes available to a network (both feasible successor and successor).

·         Routing table: It contains all the routes which are being used to make current routing decisions. The routes in this table are considered as successor (best path) route.

·         Support Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM), IPv4 and IPv6.

·         EIGRP has 3 AD value-

·         1^st priority given to AD-5 use in within summary EIGRP

·         2^nd  priority given to AD-90 use in Internal EIGRP

·         3^rd  priority given to AD-170 use in External EIGRP

·         EIGRP uses below mentioned metrics to determine the best route to a destination.

·         Bandwidth (K1) – Slowest link in the route path, measured in Kbps. Value K1=1

·         Load (K2) – Cumulative load of all outgoing interfaces in the path, given as a fraction of 255. Value K2=0

·         Delay of the Line (K3) – Cumulative delay of all outgoing interfaces in the path in tens of microseconds. Value K3=1

·         Reliability (K4) – Average reliability of all outgoing interfaces in the path, given as a fraction of 255. Value K4=0

·         MTU (K5) – The smallest Maximum Transmission Unit in the path. The MTU value is actually never used to calculate the metric. Value K5=0

·         EIGRP metric is called Composite metric, EIGRP metric = [Bandwidth + Delay]*256

·         Unequal metric value can do load-balancing.

·         EIGRP scalability is 100 Hops by default, but it can be go upto 255.

·         EIGRP will form neighbor relationships with adjacent routers in the same Autonomous System (AS).

·         EIGRP traffic is either sent as unicasts, or as multicasts on address 224.0.0.10, depending on the EIGRP packet type.

·         Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP) is used to ensure delivery of most EIGRP packets.